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Geophysics
Geophysics plays a critical role in the oil and gas industry. Geophysical data are used by exploration and production personnel to ascertain the presence, nature and size of subsurface rock layers and reservoirs contained therein. This discipline encompasses the physics of the planet, especially its electrical, gravitational and magnetic fields, and the propagation of seismic waves within it. Terms in this field include acoustic, magnetics and zero-phase. All definitions have been reviewed by geophysicists, and many are accompanied by high-quality photographs or illustrations.

Numbers
1-D seismic data 1D seismic data 2-way traveltime	2D seismic data 2D survey 3C seismic data 3D seismic data	3D survey 4C seismic data 4D seismic data
A
abnormal events absorbing boundary conditions absorptance absorption absorption band accelerometer acoustic acoustic basement acoustic coupler acoustic emission acoustic impedance acoustic impedance section acoustic log acoustic positioning acoustic transparency acoustic traveltime acoustic velocity acoustic velocity log	acoustic wave acquisition aeolotropy aeromagnetic survey AGC AGC time constant air gun air shooting air wave alias filter aliasing amplitude amplitude anomaly amplitude distortion amplitude variation with offset angle of approach angle of incidence angular dispersion anisotropy	antialias filter aperture apparent anisotropy apparent velocity apparent wavelength applied-potential method array arrival arrival time attenuate attenuation attribute autocorrelation automatic gain control autotrack autotracking average velocity AVO
B
back propagation back stripping back-propagation back-stripping backscatter band band limited function band pass band reject band-limited function band-pass band-reject base of weathering	base station baseline basic wavelet Beaufort scale bel benchmark bias bin bird birefringence blasting cap blind zone BM	body wave borehole seismic data Bouguer anomaly Bouguer correction bow tie brachistochrone break bright spot brute stack bubble effect buggy vibro bulk modulus
C
cable calibration cap caprock effect cavitation CDP channel channel wave character check shot survey check-shot survey circle shooting CMP coherence coherence filtering coherent	coherent detection coherent noise common depth point common midpoint common midpoint method common offset common receiver common reflection point common-offset common-receiver compaction correction complex trace analysis complex-trace analysis compressional wave conductance convergence converted wave	convolution convolve correlation coupling critical angle critical damping critical reflection crosscorrelate crosscorrelation crossline crosswell tomography cultural anomaly cultural noise curve fitting curve matching cycle skip
D
damping datum datum correction dB decibel deconvolution deep seismic sounding deep tow density contrast density profile depth controller depth conversion depth map depth migration depth point depth section detectable limit detector deterministic deconvolution detonate	detonator dielectric difference map differential weathering correction diffraction diffraction stack diffusion diffusion equation dilatancy dilatancy theory dilatation dilatational wave dim spot dip moveout dipole directivity discontinuity dispersion displacement distortion	diurnal variation divergence Dix formula DMO dogleg domain doodlebugger double refraction downhole receiver downhole source downward continuation drift drill noise vertical seismic profile drill-noise vertical seismic profile dropout DSS dynamic correction dynamic range dynamite
E
EDA eddy current eel elastic constants elastic deformation elastic impedance	elastic moduli elastic wave electrical conductivity electrical permittivity electrical resistivity electromagnetic method elevation correction	embedded wavelet equipotential method event explosive seismic data extended spread extensive dilatancy anisotropy
F
f-k domain f-k plot fan shooting fast Fourier transform Faye correction FD Fermat's principle FFT field tape filter first arrival	first break fixed source method fixed-source method flattened section fold footprint forward problem four component seismic data four dimensional seismic data four-component seismic data four-dimensional seismic data	Fourier analysis Fourier synthesis Fourier transform free air correction free-air correction frequency frequency domain Fresnel zone FT Full-azimuth towed-streamer acquisition
G
gain gas chimney gather geometric geophone geophone array geophone cable geophone interval	geophone offset geophone pattern geophysicist geophysics ghost Gibbs' phenomenon gravimeter gravimetry gravity	gravity anomaly gravity survey grid ground roll group group interval guided wave gun
H
halo effect harmonic distortion head wave	header hertz hodogram horizon	horizon slice hydrocarbon indicator hydrophone
I
IIP image impedance impulsive seismic data in line in-line incident angle	inclinometer induced polarization interpretation interval time interval transit time interval velocity interwell tomography	inverse problem inversion IP isochron isochron map isostatic correction
J
jug	jug hustler
K
Kirchhoff equation	Kirchhoff migration	kriging
L
lag Lame constant Laplace equation layer stripping	least time path least-time path lithostratigraphic inversion long path multiple	long-path multiple Love wave low velocity layer low-velocity layer
M
magnetic constant magnetic permeability magnetic resonance magnetics magnetometer magnetotelluric method marker bed Maxwell's equations midpoint	migration minimum time path minimum-time path mis tie mis-tie model modeling modulus of compression modulus of elasticity	modulus of rigidity monument moveout moving-source method MT multicomponent seismic data multiple reflection mute
N
natural frequency natural remanent magnetism near surface correction near-surface correction nest	NMO NMR noise normal incidence normal moveout	normal moveout correction normal-moveout correction NRM nuclear magnetic resonance
O
OBC observer Occam's inversion ocean-bottom cable	offset offset vertical seismic profile offset VSP Ohm's law	one dimensional seismic data one way time one-dimensional seismic data one-way time
P
p wave P-wave parametric party party chief party manager patch peak peg leg multiple peg-leg multiple permeability permittivity	perpendicular offset phantom phase pick plane wave plant Poisson's ratio polarity polarity standard post potential field primary reflection	probe probing processing production profile profiling propagation constant pull up pull-up push down push-down
Q
Q Q wave	Q-wave quick look	quicklook
R
radial array radial refraction random noise rarefaction ray ray path ray tracing Rayleigh wave	raypath receiver record reflection reflection coefficient reflection tomography reflectivity reflector refraction	refractive index refractor remote sensing resolution Ricker wavelet rock mechanics root mean square velocity root-mean-square velocity
S
S wave S-wave salt proximity survey salt proximity vertical seismic profile salt proximity VSP salt-proximity vertical seismic profile salt-proximity VSP sample frequency sample interval sample rate seabed geophone secondary reflection seismic seismic acquisition seismic impedance seismic interpretation seismic line seismic modeling seismic processing seismic record seismic reflection tomography seismic refraction method seismic section seismic stratigraphy seismic survey seismic trace seismic velocity seismic wave seismic while drilling vertical seismic profile seismic-while-drilling vertical seismic profile seismogram	seismograph seismology seismometer semblance sensitivity SH wave SH-wave shadow zone shaped charge shear shear modulus shear wave shoot a well short-path multiple shot depth shot point shotpoint side scan sonar side-scan sonar sideswipe signal signal to noise ratio signal-to-noise ratio signature signature deconvolution simple multiple sinc x skid skin depth slant stack smile Snell's law	sonic sonic log sound source source pattern source point sourcepoint SP space frequency domain space-frequency domain spacing spectral spectrum spherical divergence spherical harmonic spherical wave spontaneous potential spread stack stacking velocity static correction statics Stoneley wave streamer streamer feathering suppression surface wave survey SV wave SV-wave synthetic seismogram
T
tail buoy tail mute tangential wave TAR TDEM TE telluric current telluric current method telluric-current method TEM three component seismic data three dimensional seismic data three dimensional survey three-component seismic data three-dimensional seismic data	three-dimensional survey tie time domain time domain electromagnetic method time lapse seismic data time migration time slice time-domain electromagnetic method time-lapse seismic data TM tomography trace transient electromagnetic method transit time transition zone	transverse electric mode transverse magnetic mode traveltime trough true amplitude recovery true-amplitude recovery tube wave tuning effect two dimensional seismic data two dimensional survey two way traveltime two-dimensional seismic data two-dimensional survey two-way traveltime TWT
U
undershooting	upward continuation
V
variogram velocity velocity analysis velocity anomaly	velocity correction velocity layering velocity survey vertical seismic profile	vibrator vibratory seismic data VSP
W
walk above vertical seismic profile walk above VSP walk-above vertical seismic profile walk-above VSP walkaway vertical seismic profile walkaway VSP Walsh-Hadamard transform water bottom roll	water gun water-bottom roll wave wave equation waveform wavefront wavelength wavelet	wavelet extraction wavenumber weathering correction well shoot wiggle trace window work station
Y
Young's modulus
Z
zero crossing zero offset data zero offset vertical seismic profile	zero phase zero-offset data zero-offset vertical seismic profile	zero-phase Zoeppritz equations

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